Queen Elizabeth I free essay sample

A collation and review of articles and books written on the topic of Queen Elizabeth I. This paper presents a detailed analysis of articles and books written about Elizabeth I. The writer traces Elizabeth Is life and explores various writers commentaries on her life and the bias of their writings. It concludes with an attempt to arrive at a consensus of the Queens character, from the writings studied. The above passage from the article underscores the authors obvious admiration of the queen and her confidence. The article displays several examples of the queens ability to shut down anyone who attempts to chastise her publicly or rebuke her nations efforts. The queen was well known for the ability to react with a sharp tongue and be able to lash someone to shreds verbally if she felt cornered or insulted, however, the author of each article about her decides how much of this trait to display within the writings. We will write a custom essay sample on Queen Elizabeth I or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Technology Essays - Database, Database Theory, Pointer, Free Essays

Technology Essays - Database, Database Theory, Pointer, Free Essays Technology Background The Technology Needs Survey (TNS) software program developed at HSC/XRE was originally intended to provide a convenient vehicle by which the office?s engineers and scientists could enter and edit environmental, safety and occupational health (ESOH) needs data into a database. The program provided an interface that allowed the user to answer, or revise answers, to questions regarding the nature of the ESOH technology needs of the customer. The database was originally installed on a local area network (LAN) shared by the technical members of the HSC/XRE office. The data in the database was used, in part, to rank the severity, impact and importance of technology needs throughout the Air Force. HSC/XRE performed substantial analysis on the data prior to its presentation to the ESOH TPIPT, Air Staff and others. Consequently, the database itself became a dumping ground for temporary tables, queries and reports that were generated "on the fly" over time. The structure of the underlying database is simple, as shown in Figure 1. The numerous queries, reports and tables that are antidotal artifacts in the database are distractions to the underlying structure, and should be removed. Creation of the Tri-Service TNS Database for FY97 The source data for the FY97 Tri-Service TNS database came from four sources: ? US Navy, by way of four MS WORD documents (segmented by pillar) ? US Army, by way of a TNS database that had been exported from a version of the software modified by the US Army and/or their contractors ? USAF FY96 TNS database ? last year?s USAF database, with needs updated as required ? USAF FY97 TNS database ? current year?s new USAF technology, policy and training needs The tasking from the HSC/XRE office was to consolidate the four data sources into a single database and provide it to representatives of the Joint Engineering Management Panel (JEMP) on or before 31 Dec, 1996. Such a database would be known as the Tri-Service TNS Database for FY97. Technical Issues The USAF FY97 database was considered the target into which the other three data sets were to be consolidated. At this point in time (Dec, 1996), the FY97 database still contained "T-numbers", rather than Tag integers. It appeared that there were printing difficulties with T-numbers in the Tag field, so they were removed, and added as a prefix to the need Title. In their place, sequential integers, beginning with 3000, were placed in the Tag field. Next, the Navy needs, which consisted of 807 needs in four word documents, were manually added to the FY97 database using the TNS software. This was a two man-day effort by a program support individual. All attempts to successfully print all US Army needs failed. Most needs contained a data value that exceeded TNS?s a single print page. A bug in TNS causes the first page to be printed OK; then, subsequent lines are printed, one per page. It was decided that the US Army database would be provided to the government as-is, with a suggestion that the government obtain the US Army?s TNS version to see if the bug had been fixed by the Army. The final step was to export the USAF FY96 TNS database, and import it into the FY97 database. This presented something called the "Match Table Problem." The Match table in TNS contains three columns ? the need number, a category, and a pointer. Depending upon the category, the category would represent a unique primary POC, technical POC, potential user, regulation or contaminant. These pointers are not uniquely generated; therefore, a primary POC with a pointer of 4254 might point to Smith in the FY96 database, while a primary POC with a pointer of 4254 might point to Jones in the FY97 database. The same corruption was possible for regulations and contaminants, as well. To resolve this problem, it was determined that the set of pointers in the FY97 database did not exceed 5000 for POC, regulations and contaminants. Consequently, the pointers in the Match table of the FY96 database were incremented by 5000, as were their corresponding targets in the POC, Regulation and Contamination tables. This assured that there would be no overlap between the two databases. The FY96 database was imported successfully into the FY97 database.

Emirates Airlines Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Emirates Airlines - Research Paper Example In terms of innovation, it is the first airline which has introduced â€Å"Audio Video on Demand† for their passengers in all the classes. It remains first in terms of introducing the in-flight calling and the concept of the onboard spa. Emirates Airlines is also known as the first airline which has initiated the internet and Wi-Fi facility inside the flight. The product offering of Emirates Airlines includes ‘ICE’ package.Information: Allows the customers to remain updated with the current news from BBC website. It also enables them to take a vision from the external cameras of aircraft. Communication: Enables the passengers to contact anyone via mail, SMS and phone call.Entertainment: The passengers can watch their favorite shows and also can play games. Due to introducing innovation in its operation and providing various facilities, Emirates Airlines is regarded as the prestigious company in the developed as well as emerging market. It is regarded as a fierce c ompetitor especially in the premium sector because it is leading the airline segment (â€Å"Emirates Group Careers†). The company has coped up with the economic downturn by improving its efficiencies as well as by introducing innovations in its operations (â€Å"Emirates†).Opportunities: Emirates Airlines is incessantly innovative and due to the advancement of its technology, it is making excessive profit. Its association with Qantas enables them to draw more Australian passengers.

The role of the neuromuscular system on work and exercise Essay

The role of the neuromuscular system on work and exercise - Essay Example A nerve impulse from the brain travels through the nerve and cause the release of acetylcholine at the nerve junction. This chemical is picked by chemical receptors in the muscle that effect the movement. Hypertensive individuals are treated with calcium blockers and catecholamine blockers. These drugs protect the hart from heart attacks by neither blocking the action of nor adrenaline which initiates the flight or fight response. They block the reception of stress hormones such as epinephrine weakening their effects. This reduces hypertension. Nevertheless, this also has some adverse effect on the individual because it blocks the absorption of calcium to the ones. As a result, the individual taking the treatment has a high risk of developing ostereoporosis. The motor skills of the patients are also adversely affected because of reduced calcium in the bones. As a result, this type of medicine is not good for physically active individuals or athletes as it affects their performance. This is because they block the uptake of oxygen and make exercise to be more strenuous. Some patients may even stop taking the drugs. Calcium channel blockers also have adverse effects on skeletal movements. They inhibit the movement of calcium inwards by slowed channels into the heart, blood vessels allowing the heart to pump blood more easily and increasing the width of the blood vessels. As such, the heart doe not strain in pumping blood lowering the blood pressure. Increase in intercellular concentration of calcium results in eccentric contraction that causes damage in the skeletal muscles by damaging the muscle protein structure (Blottner & Salanova 2010). The damage arises from increased resting calcium, profound loss of involuntary ad voluntary muscles and increase in intracellular calcium concentration. Caffeine is a mild stimulant. It effects as a stimulant and affects brain activity. Caffeine is quickly absorbed by the body the moment

Measuring student attitudes ....ect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Measuring student attitudes ....ect - Essay Example However, it is more efficient for instructors to have a clear idea about students’ backgrounds, conceptions, misconceptions and attitudes toward Statistics. Another issue is that some students come from different colleges and they do not have enough knowledge about statistics. Measuring student attitudes towards introductory statistics course for non- specialist gives us a good idea about how we can develop their statistical conception and achievement. A lot of studies exploring and investigating the relationship between attitudes toward statistics and achievements have been carried out and some of them involve Wise (1985), Katz &Tomazic (1988), Toto (1992). However, there has not been enough research to address the issue of conception and misconceptions in statistics (Garfield &Alhgren, 1988; Mevarech, 1988; Lasser, 1994; Barkley, 1995). For instance, Barkley (1995) points that understanding and correcting students’ misconceptions in statistics, would help statistics’ instructors to decide the best corrective activity to eliminate misconceptions. Apart from the studies that have been carried related to the research area, there has not been enough research to address the issue of conception and misconceptions in statistics (Garfield &Alhgren, 1988; Mevarech, 1988; Lasser, 1994; Barkley, 1995). Also, there is lack of research about measuring student attitudes, conceptions and achievements towards statistic course for non statistician students in Saudi Arabia. The researcher will use the questionnaire as the first method to collect data from non-specialist students who have studied the introductory undergraduate statistics course in different colleges of the universities. The second method interview, will be used to gather data from the teachers who teach introductory undergraduate statistics course in these colleges. This study will be carried in the northern

The Disavantages Of Education

The Disavantages Of Education Educational disadvantage refers to situation where some individuals derive less benefit from education system than their peers. The Education Act 1998 defines educational disadvantage as impediments to education arising from social or economic disadvantage which prevent students from deriving appropriate benefit from education in schools. Educational disadvantage is demonstrated in many ways, most often in poor levels of participation and achievement in formal education system. (Matheson, 2000, 7) Many fundamental changes that have occurred within British economy, have called for structural changes to be made to education system. These include 1944 Education Act, which made secondary education compulsory, and introduced tri-partite system of schooling, as well as introduction of National Curriculum in 1988. Although These measures appear to have brought about à Ã‚ ° rise in overall attainment levels and made an impact on social gap in schools and wider society, official statistics and sociological research indicates that class-based inequalities in educational attainment have shown no tendency to decline (Phillips, 2001). In face of this remarkable resilience of class inequalities, educational reforms seem powerless (Health, 1989, quoted in Bilton, 1996, p359). Equal Opportunities Education should provide equal opportunities for all pupils to reach Their fullest potential, regardless of Their race, gender, ethnicity, class, or ability. However, Social class continues be one of main causes of educational disadvantage in schools and in society. The Liberal Democrats spokesman Paul Willis claims that, when it comes to educational achievement social class is still strongest indicator of success (http//education.co.uk/schools/story/html). For example, in 1993 over 70% of children whos parents were from professional backgrounds obtained 5+ GCSEs passes at grade A C, whereas only à Ã‚ ° mere 14% of children of working class parents obtained 5+ GCSE passes (http//education.co.uk/schools/story/html). However, contrary to this, not all pupils from working class backgrounds are educationally disadvantaged, some do just as well as children from middle class backgrounds if not better. In this respect, one could argue that education can also be seen as à Ã‚ ° pathway f or upward mobility and à Ã‚ ° means of reducing structural inequalities in society. So what is role and function of education? Section 1 -Educational Disadvantage One perspective is that of functionalists, They have often viewed education system as offering opportunities for mobility of individuals. However, conflict ories have, by and large, argued that role of education is to maintain à Ã‚ ° system of structured inequalities (Bilton, 1996). Despite fact that current education system is seen by many politicians and functionalists as being à Ã‚ ° means of combating or even reducing inequalities within society, many children who are born into working class homes still fail to achieve educationally as well as middle or upper class children. In à Ã‚ ° recent article published by The Observer Newspaper, it was found that in todays society à Ã‚ ° bright child born into à Ã‚ ° poor working class family, will do worse at school than à Ã‚ ° child with low intelligence but rich middle class parents (article from The Observer, Bright, 2002). According to this perspective, one could argue that education system acts as an agency of selection within society and determines type of schooling received, and hence ones future position in society. This type of socialisation is achieved by means of Hidden Curriculum, serving to control level of social mobility from one generation to next. Sociologist, Pierre Bourdieu, claims that role of education is to hand on cultural values and behaviour patterns of society to its young (Bilton, 1996). Many aspects of hidden curriculum can be seen as being embodied in social system of School and These reflect interests of society as à Ã‚ ° whole. It is believed that Schools and Teachers unintentionally treat and label children differently according to Their ability or social background (Kyriacou, C. 1997). This can be seen as having à Ã‚ ° powerful influence on way in which pupils see mselves and consequently what They learn. Thereby Teachers perception of à Ã‚ ° pupils ability strongly a ffects how that pupil progresses (http://www.harland64.freeserve.co.uk). Another manner in which schools reinforce social inequalities, thus disadvantaging working class pupils, is through system of streaming pupils into different ability groups. Sociologists Lacey and Hargreves studied effects of streaming in schools and found that children from working class backgrounds were more likely to be placed in lower ability streams (Bilton, 1996). This form of streaming of pupils can be seen as mirroring hierarchical social class divisions in society, allocating people to different positions within economic system. Therefore it could be argued that aspects of hidden curriculum, such as teachers perception and streaming of pupils can all be seen as à Ã‚ ° powerful means of social control. I would argue that it is consequently important, if not imperative, that teachers and schools have high expectations of Their pupils and do not limit horizon of any child. Even though Education should provide à Ã‚ ° pathway out of poverty and disadvantage, too many children are failing to take advantage of opportunities available to Them. Evidence of this can be found in statistics that demonstrate that early leaving is worst among socially disadvantaged, which in turn becomes à Ã‚ ° primary source of social disadvantage in future. For example Halsey, Health and Ridges (1980) study Origins and Destinations found that those from higher social backgrounds were much more likely to stay in education past minimum leaving age, than those from working class backgrounds (Halsey, Health and Ridge in Bilton, 1996). As à Ã‚ ° result They are not getting education or skills They need for adult life. However for those who do stay on in education, class-based inequality continues to disadvantage Them, higher They move up educational ladder. Estelle Morris quoted in Observer (2002), in relation to class based inequalities within schooling system stated It gets worse as you go through school. (Estelle Morris quoted in Observer, 2002). However, Bowles and Gintis (1976), argue that inequality and disadvantage faced by working class pupils in school correspond to disadvantage They will face in world of work in à Ã‚ ° capitalist society, workings of school system being seen to be tied to and reflecting workings of capitalism. Bowles and Gintis argue, that experience of schooling differs according to level, and that These differences are related to particular point of entry into labour force for which They prepare (Ball, 1986, p 39). They go on to explain that variations in social relationships and social structures are in turn related to social class of students, supporting Their position with historical and statistical data to demonstrate that social background of pupils is primary determinant of Their attainment at school (Ball, 1986, p 40). Clearly Then schools could be said to be preparing pupils for Their future class based role and function within society. The Governments Education White Paper states that social class gap amongst those entering university remains too wide, accordingly government states that Their priority is to reach out and include those from groups that have been under-represented in higher education, These including young people from semi-skilled or unskilled family backgrounds and certain minority ethnic groups. Although government strategies such as Education Bursaries and Sure Start are specifically aimed at lifting educational achievement of disadvantaged, one could argue that o r polices seem to work against These policies and initiatives. For example recent introduction of top up tuition fees for universities will only serve to extend exclusion of working class pupils. The fear now is that if university costs rise any more, They will deter all but wealthiest students (Bright, 2002). This argument is pursued by cultural deprivation ory, stating that those at bottom of classroom are deprived or deficient in certain values, attitudes and skills essential for educational success and its affects are cumulative. However it does face considerable criticisms as people question whe r values and attitudes of different classes are actually that different. For example Rutter M and Madge N in cycles of disadvantage (1976) argue that although children from poor backgrounds were more likely to underachieve at schools, cycles of disadvantage do not exist. Bourdieu P (1977) takes à Ã‚ ° Marxist view and has developed his own distinctive cultural explanation for achievement and suggests that There is an element of cultural capital in society. Thus higher à Ã‚ ° persons position in class system, greater amount of dominant culture They are likely to have. Culture is regarded generally as superior as those at top define it as such. Thus it becomes highly sought after and highly valued and consequently it forms basis of educational system. Thus because middle class culture is closer to that of school culture They refore are more likely to succeed. Evidence of this has already been discussed through Bernsteins studies. One theory suggests that chief reason why à Ã‚ ° students family life affects his/her education is based on size of family. More specifically, it suggests that those coming from à Ã‚ ° family with fewer children perform better academically than those coming from à Ã‚ ° family with many children. One main reason for this is attributed to dilution of familial resources available to children in large families and à Ã‚ ° concentration of such resources in small ones (Blake 11). For example, in families with many children parents have less time, less emotional and physical energy, less attention to give, and less ability to interact with children as individuals (Blake 11). Another reason that attention may be diluted is because of many siblings. Often mother is pregnant or recovering from pregnancy, which lessens her ability to care for children. In addition, money is also often diluted. Blake says of that: This type of dilution involves not only parents treatment of individual childrenability to provide personal living space, cultural advantages such as travel, specialized instruction such as music lessons, specialized medical or dental care, as well as continuous and advanced schoolingbut, as well, to provide settings advantages of which are not divisible: living in à Ã‚ ° desirable neighborhood, or having à Ã‚ ° wide range of excellent reading material or recorded music in house. (11) This suggests that children coming from à Ã‚ ° poor background are already at an educational disadvantage, possibly even before any formal schooling occurs. Travel enables à Ã‚ ° child to become à Ã‚ ° more cosmopolitan person and teaches children about different cultures of world. Music teaches dedication and helps with memorization skills. Other problems are associated with large families as well. A study by Lori Heise and Jane Roberts showed that children from large families dont interact with others outside family group as much as those in à Ã‚ ° smaller family, which can limit their understanding of certain social roles (Blake 11). It also places them at à Ã‚ ° disadvantage in school, where they make not have many friends or feel left out. This can lead to poor grades. This is so because child may become depressed and find it hard to focus on schoolwork. Without friends to greet them, many times child chooses not to even go to school. In addition, in families where lots of children are around, intellectual level may be more childlike, so kids arent exposed to adult conversation, vocabulary, and interests (Blake 11). The children spend most of their time playing with other children. In à Ã‚ ° family with one or few children, child often has no other choice than to play with their parent/s. Similarly, older siblings may often baby-sit or be treated as adult figure, meaning that parents are not as involved. The older children are often expected to help take care of his or her brothers or sisters. The parents are not home as often when à Ã‚ ° babysitter is available. Having à Ã‚ ° large family can also lead to financial burden and in turn à Ã‚ ° burden on childs academic success. It is often thought that income does not affect ones education until college; after all, education until that point is free. Studies have shown otherwise. It was found that only-child boys were twice as likely to graduate from high school as boys from families of seven or more, and same holds true for girls (Blake 41). Of graduates, there is again à Ã‚ ° large gap between two groups for college attendance (meaning that children without siblings are much more likely to attend college than those from large families). However, distinction is not as large as in high school graduation rates. Once in college, family size has à Ã‚ ° relatively small effect on number of years of college schooling à Ã‚ ° student receives (Blake 45). This indicates that higher level of schooling, less family size is influential. Blake suggests that this is due to many from large families who drop out of school and who are retained multiple times (Blake 45). Section 2 Schools Efforts The influence of what happens in school is also à Ã‚ ° major factor. For example bullying, pressure of exams and more commonly just plain boredom. School truancy is one of most common outcomes of bullying. Bullied children prefer to risk getting caught out of school than to get caught by bullies. One research study reports that one third of girls and one quarter of boys described being afraid of going to school at some time because of bullying (Balding, Young people in 1995, 1996). Bullying is very often due to racism, which in general terms consists of conduct or words or practices which disadvantage or advantage people because of Their colour, culture or ethnic origin (The Stephen Lawrence Enquiry). As we have seen, There are many reasons and causes for truancy and unfortunately, several cases of persistent truancy result in exclusion from school. A department for education report showed that permanent exclusion represents 0.4% of primary school pupils, 0.34% for secondary and 0.54% for special needs schools. OFSTED research highlights poor acquisition of basic skills, particularly literacy, limited aspirations and opportunities, poverty and poor relationships with pupils, parents and teachers. Excluded pupils generally experience considerable disadvantage with high levels of family stress, including unemployment, low income and family disruption. Most excluded pupils are white, male, young teenagers but à Ã‚ ° number of groups are disproportionately likely to be excluded. Children with special needs are 6 times more likely than o rs to be excluded (Dfee, Permanent exclusions from schools). Children in care are 10 times more likely to be excluded according to à Ã‚ ° National Foster Care report (National Foster Care Association). Perhaps as may as 30% of children in care are out of mainstream education (Sinclair et al). Students from lower-income families suffer other disadvantages as well. Economic hardship and stress have been known to affect relationship between parent and child. In addition, if socioeconomic status of student is low, amount of parental support, control, and consistency is often low as well. A study by Saucier and Ambert revealed, Adolescents from intact families have been found to be more optimistic about future than those from homes in which there has been à Ã‚ ° separation, divorce, or parental death (Brantlinger 154). The amount of parental involvement with education was also found to vary with income. Most students studied claim that their parents attended conferences and activities in elementary school, but there became à Ã‚ ° gap during junior high and high school. High-income students say their parents still attended, while low-income students parents did not. Additionally, high-income adolescents parents were much more likely to receive help with schoolwork, such as editing written assignments, than were low-income parents. This could be à Ã‚ ° result of education parents had received. After all, low-income parents had often dropped out of school prior to graduation, while high-income parents had high-levels of educational attainment (Brantlinger 156). A study by Carlos Torres and Theodore Mitchell showed that powerful more affluent parents played à Ã‚ ° significant role in maintaining à Ã‚ ° hierarchical track structure for their child. These parents ensured that their children did w ell in school. This was made achievable possibly through extra help, tutoring, and increasing pressure placed on child to do well (163). Family size and parenting techniques can be related to wealth differences. For example, smaller family, higher proportion of income can be spent on child(ren). Those with better parenting techniques also have à Ã‚ ° higher economic standing than other parents. Better parenting methods can be linked to parents having received à Ã‚ ° higher education. In turn, they often have more money. While it was found that family size and parenting techniques affect ones education, it is merely because of wealth. For example, it is not actual number of people in family, but amount of money family has because of number of members. Economics are key factor as to why ones family life affects ones education, and its à Ã‚ ° cycle. Children often grow up to be in same economic class as family he came from. Therefore, if à Ã‚ ° parent didnt attend college, student is less likely to (Shumow 37). So what can we do about this problem? How can we give economically disadvantaged children à Ã‚ ° good education? There are several options: For one state funding for poorer schools could be increased. Also, if poor communities applied for grants, they could use them to fund their schools. There are also programs out there to help poor schools. The SETA Head Start Program and Equity in Education Project were developed for purpose of improving lives of low-income children by providing quality, comprehensive, child development services that are family focused, including education, health, nutrition, and mental health (Head Start Home Page Screen 1.) By getting communities involved and educated about programs such as these it is very possible to prevent educational disadvantages like coming from à Ã‚ ° low-income household or neighborhood. No matter how many elected school officials declare that poverty is not an excuse for poor school performance, fact remains that children in poverty do not achieve well in school. In à Ã‚ ° study by Abt Associates, researchers examined performance of children in high- and low-poverty schools. High-poverty schools were defined as those with 76% or more of student body eligible for free or reduced-price lunches; low-poverty schools had 20% or less of student body eligible for federally subsidized lunches. The researchers first divided students into categories A, B, C, or Ddepending on what grade they commonly took home on their report cards. Then they looked at performance on achievement tests. Students in low-poverty schools who got As on their report cards scored as one would expect: 87th percentile in math, 81st in reading. Students in high-poverty schools who got As scored higher than their classmates who got lower grades, but they attained only 36th percentile in reading and 35t h in math (Cirasulo 44). One can only imagine sledgehammer that will hit these students when they have to compete with students from more affluent schools.National targets to reduce level of exclusions are all very well, but this will not work unless schools are given resources and support They need to tackle growing number of pupils who ruin education of Their fellow students. Section 3 Analysis Several scholars (Pring (1996), Hamilton (1996), Elliot (1996), White and Barber (1997)) have been critical of research in IS, and responses have provided researchers SE (Sammons et al, 1996; Mortimore and Sammons, 1997, Mortimore and Whitty, 1997). The criticism has focused on three main issues. The first is that IS research has claimed too much for their conclusions, and this is a view with which we have any sympathy and I return. The second charge is that it inevitably focuses on the limited cognitive learning outcomes and ignores the many other aspects that are important. With this view we have little sympathy. We do not understand the nature of current research that relates below. The third charge against SE research is that it has helped in the process of governmental centralization and control of education and professional education. Both agree and disagree with this! We disagree because they do not accept that SE researchers as a group have consciously supported such government actions, but would be willing to admit that some people involved in the SE may be guilty. However, we agree that the government and parastatals have cherry picked what is to be used to help legitimize their policies. There is no shortage of particular examples. Many threads of research have been quoted out of context For example, work on reading Ofsted (Ofsted, 1996) has tried to justify some questionable investigation by appealing to aspects of the literature (Mortimore and Goldstein, 1996) and the report task force produced for literacy Labour Party tried to justify his comparisons between primary schools by references questionable consumption settings (Goldstein, 1997). Some causes of minorities not being able to achieve same educational level as White Americans is because they have many obstacles in front of them. Some obstacles include not being able to speak language properly, desegregation, and discrimination. Some minorities start off only speaking their native language. So when they come to states they automatically have to face obstacle of learning native language, which is English. It is very difficult for those children whose parents do not have to learn English. When children come home from school they dont get to practice what they learned because they have to speak their native language to communicate with their parents. It is much easier for those whose parents are learning language because they can practice together and help each other out. Another barrier minorities have to cross is desegregation. They are automatically desegregated because they dont have same education level as average white American. Most of them immigrated here wit h no schooling what so ever. So when they arrive they not only have to learn language but start from scratch. Because they have no schooling behind them they are considered educationally handicapped and placed in à Ã‚ ° different class to start learning language and basics. Also then they are not expected to do as well as average white American because teachers show pity for their hardship. So when they dont do so well on à Ã‚ ° test teacher is not as tough on them as they would be on an average student because they are considered educationally handicapped. Another factor they face is discrimination. Most average Americans do not believe that minorities are as smart as they are so they put them down. Minorities are easy targets so white Americans take advantage of situation. Most minorities have problems speaking language so they dont feel comfortable making friends. Then it only makes it harder when they are made fun of or put down. They loose their confidence and tend to give up. There still is à Ã‚ ° lot of concern because minority enrollment percentages still lag behind that of white-students in American colleges, report concludes. While nearly 42 percent of white high school graduates attend college in 1993, only 33 percent of African-American high school graduates and 36 percent of Hispanics enrolled. And 82 percent of minorities go to public universities, and compared with 63 percent of white students. The gap in college participation between whites and minorities is cause for continuing concern, says Robert Atwell, president of ACE. We have à Ã‚ ° long way to go before we can claim to have achieved equality of educational opportunity and achievement. In conclusion, it is not easy to define social class in itself, as it is à Ã‚ ° many-stranded notion and in modern society people do not always easily fit into social class categories. There are many factors that account for educational disadvantage, one of which is clearly Social Class. However, it also important to be aware that it is but one factor that influences educational achievement, as social class is also à Ã‚ ° contributory factor to o r forms of inequality, which may also impact upon educational attainment of children. That said, it is clear that social divisions in society do in fact mirror educational disadvantage, its existence being defined for à Ã‚ ° variety of reasons, based upon oretical standpoint of commenter. Similarly, the earliest study of Mortimore et al (1988) in primary schools, twelve key characteristics of effective schools were illustrated: 1. Purposeful leadership of the staff by the head-teacher 2. The involvement of the deputy head-teacher 3. The involvement of teachers 4. Consistency among teachers 5. Structured lessons 6. Intellectually challenging teaching 7. Work-centered environment 8. Limited focus within sessions 9. Maximum communication between teachers and students 10. Record keeping 11. Parental involvement 12. Positive climate The knowledge and experience of schooling in society seems to reinforce à Ã‚ ° particular view of world, which in turn serves interests of particular groups in society. Never less, Education system appears to be key to counteracting inequality, despite present education system having quite opposite effect. The discussion within this paper would suggest that education system continues vicious cycle of disadvantage and social exclusion between generations. What is clear is that Education should not be seen in à Ã‚ ° vacuum, it visibly reflects society in which child lives, learns, plays and will later grow to work. Conclusion The problem with minority and their education is à Ã‚ ° huge problem in today society. There are different aspects of problems in educational system that needs work. I believe there are many solutions to this problem. First, schools need to be all equally funded. Some school districts receive more money then others and they need to receive same so that they can have proper funding for teachers and necessary equipment. They need to provide grants to institutions of higher education, either directly or through area wide planning organizations or States, for purpose of providing assistance to economically disadvantaged and minority students who participate in community development work-study programs and are enrolled in full-time graduate programs in community and economic development, community planning or community management. Another solution that could help this problem is to have fund razors among each minority so they can go ahead and help there own heritage. They can help them with such things as scholarships or helpful things such as educational programs and places they can go to broaden their horizons. They can have communities that help out there children with hardest things to cope with in united states especially coming from à Ã‚ ° different country that will tell them how to prepare to live in united states and get ahead in life. Education is very important and it will get you à Ã‚ ° lot of what you want and as bible says Moses was educated in all wisdom of Egyptians and was powerful in speech and action

Slavery Is The South Essay -- essays research papers

Slavery is the South Essay #3 Slavery played a dominating and critical role in much of Southern life. In the struggle for control in America, slavery was the South’s stronghold and the hidden motive behind many political actions and economic statistics. By dominating Southern life, slavery also dominated the economic and political aspects of life in the South from 1840 to 1860. By the 1840’s and 50’s the Southern economy had almost completely become slave and cash crop agriculture based. Without slaves in the south a person was left either landless and penniless or struggling to get by on a small farm. However, even though slaves dominated the southern economy, slaveholders only included about 2 to 3 percent of the population. This small percentage was the amount of people successful in a slave based, cash crop agricultural, Southern economy. Therefore, the Southern economy was controlled and dominated by those who did and did not have slaves. Furthermore, with t he high demand for Southern items in Europe and Northern America more slaves were needed in the South to produce these cash crops. Without slaves there would be no cotton, tobacco, or sugar production and without these integral items the Southern economy would absolutely fail. The South depended on slaves to fuel their economy and therefore slavery dominated their economy. Between 1840 and 1860 many political issues, debates, and actions were inflamed by slavery. As America grew, the South wanted more slave states...

How do government bodies cater for sport development at grass roots level? Essay

How do sports bodies get people involved? The RFU was established in 1871 and now has approximately 200 member clubs; their mission statement can be found in (appendix 1). The RFU is affiliated to the IRB, the international rugby board. The IRB is the international governing body and law making body for rugby union they are responsible for the game at an international level see (appendix 2). There is also a European rugby union board called the FIRA-EAR who fund and organise various competitions across Europe including the under-19 world championships. There are also various associations such as the BARA, the British Asian rugby association. They aim to increase participation by encouraging people from the south Asian countries living in the U.K. to take part in rugby at all levels more information on BARA can be found in (appendix 3). There are roughly 2500 rugby union clubs in England but only 853 offer a youth programme. The RFU have 2 main schemes for encouraging participation at grassroots level. The main one is tag rugby which is a kind of mix of rugby league and rugby union which will develop into rugby union. The rules of tag rugby can be found in (appendix 4). The other RFU scheme to raise participation at grassroots level is, beach rugby. In the Bournemouth area there is an annual beach rugby tournament which is usually held by Boscombe pier, it is usually organised and run by Bournemouth’s sports development team, the RFU, leisure rugby and Oakmedians rugby football club. This is roughly the same game as tag ruby but it is played on the beach and can be played by people of all ages. Beach rugby rules and competitions can be found in (appendix 5). The RFU is committed to supporting the development of grassroots rugby. Over 5% of their annual income is given to help support grass-roots schemes. The breakdown of the estimated central government and lottery funding can be found in (appendix 6). The CCPR, which is the national alliance of governing and representative bodies of sport and recreation, will give the RFU à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½9.4 million for a three year project, how this will help grassroots participation and about the CCPR can be found in (appendix7). Tag rugby, which is the main way of increasing participation at grassroots level, has two main sponsors these are Ford and Sportsmatch, see (appendix 8). O2 the mobile phone network are a large sponsor of rugby in England, they are currently giving the RFU à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3 million a year in their latest sponsorship deal see (appendix9). There are many local clubs including Oakmedians and Bournemouth, a list of local clubs can be found in (appendix 10). Bournemouth are the largest and most successful club in the area and information about them and there sponsors can be found in (appendix 11). The path from starting playing rugby to playing for your country is sometimes a confusing one, but the basic outline is consists of: Tag rugby will be ware a young player starts they can either start by joining a rugby club, playing at a local leisure centre or by playing at school. This will then progress into a contact game with different numbers of players until it is built into a 15 a-side game, all of these games can still be played at rugby clubs and at schools. Then a player can play for their county for example Dorset or Wiltshire. The next step is to play for a region for example the south west. The next step is to hopefully be invited to attend an England youth trial, the most successful players will be fast-tracked to the team England Academy; from there the players will possibly enter into the England teams and possibly the final England squad. There are many other pathways to the England squad; these and a more in depth look at the pathways to elitism can be found in (appendix 12). Women’s rugby started in 1983 and is growing fast, there are now over 8000 players in England and the RFUW is the national governing body for this sport in England. Out of the 2439 rugby union clubs in England just 956 have a women’s section. More information about all aspects of women’s rugby is in (appendix 13). In wheelchair rugby the game takes place on a regular basketball court using volleyball, for about the rules and how it is played can be found in (appendix 14). GBWR, great British wheelchair rugby, is a not for profit charity that has been going for 20 years for the fast growing sport of wheelchair rugby. Their objective is to develop a fully inclusive sport, enabling players to achieve and reach their full potential regardless of financial status or disability. For more details about funding of the GBWR see (appendix 15). The RFU’s grassroots schemes are working fairly well as there are a large amount of young people playing tag rugby that are then filtering through to the higher stages of the game. This is seen in the success of the England team in recent years in both winning the world cup in 2003 and reaching the final in 2007. however out of nearly 2500 clubs in England only 853 have a youth section, this shows that although the young players are playing rugby there are not as many as many would like to see.

Franklin Roosevelt essays

Franklin Roosevelt essays Franklin Delano Roosevelt was born on January 30, 1882 in Hyde Park, New York. For his education he attended Groton, a prestigious preparatory school in Massachusetts. Following this he attended Harvard where he earned a Bachelor of Arts Degree in only three years. After earning his degree he proceeded to study law at Columbia University in New York City. He passed his BAR examination and left Columbia without a law degree. In1910, he was elected to the New York State Senate and in 1913; he gave up this position to become assistant secretary of the Navy. In 1920, he was nominated to become Vice-President of the United States on the ticket of James M. Cox of Ohio. However, Republican Warren Harding won and Roosevelt returned to private life. In 1921, while vacationing at Campobello Island, New Brunswick he contracted polio, and lost the use of his legs. In 1928, he was elected Governor of New York. After his reelection in 1930, he began his campaign for presidency. In 1932, he won the nomination and as a result of his energetic campaigning, he defeated Herbert Hoover by 7 million votes. In the months before his inauguration the Great Depression was beginning to worsen. During his first 100 days, he worked with congress to pass legislation that would improve the countrys situation. He created several organizations that employed young men, insured bank deposits, regulated the stock market, subsidized home and farm mortgage payments, and aided the unemployed. As a result of the popularity of his legislation known as the New Deal, he was easily reelected to office in 1936. However, he soon faced criticism and the Supreme Court began to think that some of his policies were unconstitutional. The court eventually decided in favor of his legislation. These were soon to be the least of his worries at the start of World War II on September 1, 1939, when the German army invaded Poland. ...

Chocolate confectionery Essays

Chocolate confectionery Essays Chocolate confectionery Paper Chocolate confectionery Paper Trends Chocolate confectionery is expected to register positive growth during 2012 due to rising consumption, which are in turn derived from rising living standards. Chocolate confectionery remains very popular in Kazakhstan and it is considered to be a very tasty delicacy in spite of the widespread knowledge that excessive consumption of chocolate confectionery is potentially harmful. Chocolate is more often than not purchased in impulse in Kazakhstan. Chocolate confectionery is expected to increase in value by 9% in 2012, rising to KZTI 30. billion, while volume sales are expected to ncrease by 3% to 84,000 tons. The faster value growth than volume growth during 2012 can be attributed to the fact that Kazakh consumers are becoming more interested in value-added products and this is resulting in average unit price growth. Chocolate confectionery in Kazakhstan is characterized by the presence of several highly competitive domestic producers and a preponderance of imported products, m ainly from Russia. Current situation Domestic player Rakhat JSC is expected to remain the leading player in chocolate confectionery in Kazakhstan in 2012, accounting for a projected 20% of total hocolate confectionery retail value sales. The company managed to increase its value sales by 8% during 2012, a feat it managed mainly due to the rising demand for its wide range of products and the fact that its brands enjoy widespread availability in a wide range of retail outlets. The companys products also enjoy a high degree of loyalty from Kazakh consumers as it has a long history of being one of the largest chocolate confectionery manufacturers in Kazakhstan with the history going back more than 70 years. Rakhat JSC offers a wide range of both chocolate confectionery nd sugar confectionery as well as bakery products. Among the companys leading products in chocolate confectionery is Kazakhstanskiy in plain dark chocolate tablets, while Kara-Kum and Vecher are strong in bagged selflines/softlines. This has traditionally been the most popular chocolate confectionery category among Kazakh consumers. The second leading company in chocolate confectionery in 2012 is expected to be international producer Mars Inc. , which is present with a wide range of countlines under global brands such as Snickers, Twix, Mars, Bounty, MMs and Milky Way. Mars is expected to have managed to increase its value sales in chocolate confectionery by 3% in 2012, accounting for a projected 13% of total chocolate confectionery value sales. Future possible prospects Chocolate confectionery in Kazakhstan is expected to record a positive performance over the forecast period, increasing in constant value at a CAGR of 3%, rising to KZT149. 9 billion by the end of 2017. Chocolate confectionery is expected to experience higher levels of competition during the forecast period due to rising ressure from Russian producers which actively pursuing increases in the OlstrlDutlon 0T tnelr products ana Dranas ana a stronger presence on grocery retall shelves in Kazakhstan. As demand for chocolate confectionery is already quite mature in Kazakhstan, many consumers are expected to demand more value-added products. Many Kazakhs are expected to become more attached to the brands to which they already demonstrate a high degree of loyalty as the promotional activities of the categorys leading players are set to boost sales during the forecast period.

Investment appraisal under uncertainty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Investment appraisal under uncertainty - Essay Example Literature review Real option valuation calls for an elaborate and a firm strategy to form a conceptual tool to make the decision for the company (Kim & Sanders 2002). The most appropriate tool to be used in uncertainty cases is using real option as a technique to assess investments for contexts with high market, technical and technological uncertainty (Billington, Johnson & Triantis 2002). This is because they allow managerial flexibility and option analogy. Real options ensure delaying making a right decision on investment of a company until a time when the right information is obtained to make the best decision. Kim & Sanders (2002) notes that real option approach in this case takes into consideration ascertaining important sources of ambiguity and distinguishing, making, and fostering options whose values comes from responding to new information about the uncertainties. Mun (2002) notes that real options are important in identifying taxonomy of the business. Real options are more important in growth options of the business since they are analogous to financial call options. Longstaff & Schwartz (2001) notes that, real options involve a sequence of investment over a period that makes them preferable than the other capital budgeting decisions. These real growth options thus compound options, where options are formed upon the exercise of previous options. Moreover, real options are better used as techniques to assess investments for contexts with high market, technical and technological uncertainty since they allow companies to make decisions on contracting situations. This can have a significant impact on the value of the shareholder (Li & Johnson 2002). Value Drivers of Real Options Kim & Sanders (2002) notes that value created from the right and not the obligation to acquire or exchange a specific asset, has value even though not ad infinitum. Option value determined by several factors, both quantitative and qualitative. Understanding the above factors enab les managers to make the appropriate decisions in order to exploit them. Uncertainty about the future Real options are determined by uncertainty about the future. This implies that if more possibilities of interacting with the uncertainties exist, then they will create value. This situation is created by asymmetric payoff structure alongside discretionary rights. Time to expiration Real options are also determined by the time to expiration. This situation implies that the more time an option takes to exercise the option, the more valuable the option will become. The reason behind this rationale is that the lengthy time will work to increase uncertainty. However, in other cases, increases in uncertainty are often offset by increased in costs, which are triggered by the lengthy period (Li & Johnson 2002). Time value of money Real options are also affected by the time value of money. This is an essential part since money affects all the sectors of the economy. Monetary policies by the government affect all sectors of the economy and have impacts on investment decisions, which concern undertaking or abandoning the project. Time value of money affects inflation, cost of capital, and macroeconomic stability, which in turn affects real options. The reason behind this is that the interest rate charged by the central banks affects the time value of money, thus exposing real options to political risks. Qualitative factors Real options are

Review of an Academic Research Paper Literature Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Of an Academic Research Paper - Literature review Example Abstract: The purpose of an abstract is to provide the audience with a clear idea of the contents of the paper, where the authors describe the purpose of the paper, the research methodology used and a brief discussion of the findings, discussions and recommendations, if any. In this context, the article under review clearly brings out the fact that many previous studies on educational validity of gaming simulations â€Å"have been inconclusive† (Stainton et al, 2010, p.705). Thus, the authors inform the audience that their study has considered this aspect and it will â€Å"provide a foundation for future educational validity studies† (p.705). The abstract in this case, therefore, serves its intended purpose as per academic conventions. Introduction: Though the authors do not segregate and assign a separate section for introduction, they introduce the topic in the beginning stating that the study â€Å"proposes a methodology framework for assessing the educational valid ity of business gaming solution† (p.705). The authors further identify â€Å"total enterprise simulation† (TES) as a â€Å"credible learning tool† that can justify the time and cost invested by the students (p.705-706). Thus, the readers, right from the outset of the paper are able to understand the contents and take a decision whether to read the complete article or not, which is the purpose of the introduction in a paper. Theoretical Framework: The authors concede to the fact that â€Å"simulations are not an accurate representation of the real world† and identify this problem as the reason for their validity (p.707). Further, they also contend that the â€Å"knowledge and biases of the designer† also â€Å"distort† the learning potential of the simulations, which contributes to the difficulty and complexity in achieving the learning objectives (p.707). Their current study is based on these premises and the research attempts to find alterna tives to address these issues. The authors further argue that learners require sufficient time to â€Å"reflect on engaging experiences† coupled with motivation and feedback so as to ingest the learning effectively (p.709). Thus, they attempt to design a research methodology framework for addressing the problems in the â€Å"design, implementation, and implementation† of gaming simulations, through their study (p.709). They also feel there is an absence of a definite process for the design, implementation and validation of a TES and, therefore, they propose the need for the formulation of certain â€Å"theoretical propositions† and list them in the theoretical framework of the paper (p.710). By clearly bringing out the problems associated with the process of validating the gaming solutions in learning and identifying the specific theoretical frameworks to address these issues, the authors have clearly spelled out their objectives in the paper. Thus, from an acad emic perspective, the article provides the readers with all necessary information required by them to understand the theoretical framework on the paper. Research Design and Instruments: The authors propose a â€Å"multi-case study research design† that addresses the validity and reliability issues for the purpose of their study (p.711). In this context, it can be understood that case studies are effective tools for evaluating the